While saying Sami'allah huliman hamida in prayer I said the word hamida with round ha and I didn’t correct it. Is my prayer valid?

This dua from bukhari 6369 اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ الْهَمِّ وَالْحَزَنِ، وَالْعَجْزِ وَالْكَسَلِ، وَالْجُبْنِ وَالْبُخْلِ، وَضَلَعِ الدَّيْنِ، وَغَلَبَةِ الرِّجَالِ ‏" The first part of this dua is pronounced as "Allahumma inni a’oo-zu bika mi-nal-ham-mi wal-**hazn**," But a sheikh in **youtube** pronounced that part as "Allahumma inni a’oo-zu bika mi-nal-ham-mi wal-**huzn**," Which one is right?

When reading the Quran in Arabic, I find that there are occasions on which I am unsure of the pronunciation. I am not talking about Qira'at , but rather: 1. While my copy of the Quran is largely careful about placing diacritics (fathah, kasrah, dammah, sukun, tanwin, shaddah, etc.) on top of letters, there are cases when letters do not have any such indication of the associated "vowel" (often a "nun" at the end of a word or an "alif" at the beginning of a word). Does that mean the letter is silent and should not be pronounced at all, or that there is an invisible sukun, or something else? 2. There are cases where there is a tiny "jim" or "mim" at the top-left end of a word. Is this letter meant to be ignored or is there a significance to it? 3. Sentences (or perhaps I should say verses) often end with a diacritic but it is not to be pronounced since it is the end of the sentence. Or there is a tanwin at the end of a word in the middle of a verse, but the "nun" ending of the tanwin has to be ignored in order to connect the word with the next word due to a shaddah at the beginning of the next word. What is the purpose of having a diacritic that is ignored? 4. The first word of some sentences has an "alif" that is to be ignored due to a waslah on top, but the next letter of that word has a shaddah. This puzzles me because there is nothing pronounced before the letter that has the shaddah on it, so how can the shaddah be pronounced? 5. What does it mean when there is a dagger alif on top of a "ya" or "waw"? Is it just an alif or do the "ya" or "waw" play a role? 6. On occasion, I have found some non-alphanumerical symbols such a symbol that looks like a house/mosque and a symbol that looks like one's leg when kneeling during prayer. These might be poor descriptions of the symbols. I was wondering what they meant. I have not found an explanation anywhere. My questions, which are likely a product of my inexperience in the Arabic language, are: - Are there clear rules about how such words in the Quran should be pronounced based purely on reading it, or is another source necessary, such as hearing a recitation? If there are clear rules, I would greatly appreciate being given some examples as an explanation. - In the case that there is ambiguity, would it be acceptable for someone to produce a written version with clearer indicators of pronunciation or is it the case that only one spelling of the Uthmanic codex can be in production in Arabic, say for consistency?

Salam, when I say the letter ط air comes out, and when are reading Qur’an, air should not be coming out of our mouths. What should be the position of my tongue?

In salat, when you come back (stand up) from Ruku', you say: "Samiallahu liman **hamida**" Is it pronounced "hammida" or "hameeda"? I pronounced it hammida, so I am not sure if it is correct or not.

When I was reading the Fajr prayer, I was trying to say it quickly because it was late and I was reciting it out loud. When I did sajda (prostration), I think there was too much saliva in my mouth or something so what I said sounded like "subhanarabial'aya" instead of "subhanarabial'ala." It was only one time though. Do you know if my prayer is acceptable? Or have I changed the meaning of the word?

In salat (prayer) I like to read it out loud sometimes but I whisper it. When I am supposed to say: "sub hana rabb ial 'ala" It comes out like: "sup hana rapial 'ala" Even though it's not what I mean. This is how it comes out when I whisper it. Does this change the meaning of the word and invalidate my prayer? Please let me know.

Many a times, I miss to pronounce various Arabic letters correctly, which leads to reading the Holy Quran incorrectly. Some of the tricky alphabets include: 1. 'ط' and 'ت' 2. 'ظ' and 'ز' and 'ذ' and 'ض' 3. 'د' and ض' and some more. I want to mention that I already know Arabic, but I am facing difficulty in understanding the true pronunciation of certain alphabets. Can anyone please help me out on this?

Let's take for example الحمد لله- The most common pronunciation is: Al-Hamdo-Li-Lah. Now, even-though there is a *Shada*/شَدّة on the word Allah, it is not emphasized. Why is that? Another example is بسم الله - most common ways of saying do not include the emphasis of the *Shada* on Allah and is said as Bismi-lah. Why?