Cardinal Robert Prevost was made Pope Leo XIV today. He is the first Augustinian to become Pope as Pope Francis was the first Jesuit. It would seem that someone who accepted the order even prior to ordination would be very formed in some ethos and I don't know a whole lot about Augustinians other than I doubt the order was founded by St. Augustine and that Martin Luther was one. So what are the qualities might a young Robert Prevost have found in the Augustinian order that drew him to it which he might carry into his papacy?

Jesus was not a pacifist, Jesus taught us to forego retaliation for any offense. I checked the history of the Catholic Church and discovered that they established a military force called the Order of the Templars, was this justified Biblically according to Catholics?

Can a member of Opus Dei leave and join a religious order, or is being part of the prelature considered equivalent to being in a religious order?

I was wondering in which religious order did Viganò got ordained as a priest (is he Franciscan, Jesuit, Dominican)?

Why are discalced Carmelites discalced (don't wear shoes)? I think there are other religious orders that don't wear shoes, too.

There are religious orders in the Catholic faith (though they may exist elsewhere) such as the Dominicans, the Franciscans, and the Benedictines. What lead to the founding of groups like these? What is the history of them within the Church and what role have they played throughout Church history? ----- Related: https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/82935/was-the-first-christian-community-a-model-for-religious-orders

A public execution took place in Toulouse, in an officially Catholic state, in the 18th century, France. A Protestant father, Jean Calas, was sentenced to death on the ground that he had murdered his son who turned a Catholic. I have a question about the words, a monk and a Father, in a description of Adam Smith who witnessed this execution (See the bottom of this thread). **First**, a monk usually lives in a monastery he belongs to and remains there for doing meditation or exercise together with other monks. I am aware that there are two types of monks: choir ones who are ordained, and lay /claustral brothers who are not ordained. Can a choir monk leave his monastery and take part in a public execution to hear the last confession from an inmate? **Second**, can a choir monk be eligible to be called Father as a qualified priest? Is there any other specific appellation than Father when you call a choir monk? **Third**, there is an image depicting this execution where a monk or a friar wears reddish-brown monastic dress with a large white cross on his chest. The image comes from the frontispiece of a chapbook published in England soon after the execution. Voltaire also wrote about the Calas affair, disclosing the specific names of the priests attending the execution: “Father Bourges, a Dominican and a professor of divinity, together with Father Caldagues, a priest of the same order, were appointed to assist him [Calas] in his last moments.” The colour of the Dominican robe is usually all white, but is there a type of Dominican robe depicted in the image? Is it a sheer fictional robe invented by an Englishman? ****************** After he had been broke, and when just going to be thrown into the fire, the monk, who attended the execution exhorted him to confess the crime for which he had been condemned. My father, said Calas, can you bring yourself to believe that I was guilty? [III.2.11] Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014) 120.

Can a provincial superior be a member of a religious house and therefore under authority of local superior?

I was reading about American prisoner Clayton Fountain and then stumbled upon the Trappists who are vegetarians. Generally, as a Baptist and having many Catholic friends, I don't see any vegetarian amongst them unless of course some of them avoid something for taste or health like mutton or duck. I see quite often people from some other religion avoid a certain meat or meats altogether which has their religious basis. I would like to know about the religious basis on which the Trappist monks avoid eating meat.

I have heard the term used many times, and I think it relates to Catholicism, but I am confused on what the role and title of a friar actually is. Can someone help?

**According to Catholicism, How does one know if God is calling him to be a priest?** If one is contemplating being a diocesan priest, what is the normal way one should do things in order to determine his discernment towards this call? Is there a different approach taken for those who are considered late vocations? For example take my own circumstances: Earlier in my life, I ran after the highest level of education and tried very hard to achieve it. But after 20 years of effort, I obtained a certificate. I ran after every secular thing that there is. Nothing seems to attract me. So I am just wondering how does one knows if God is calling him to be a priest and what steps does one normally take to find out in the Catholic Church? What should one do?

Approaching this from a Catholic perspective, I'd like to ask believers how they came to know that they were called to join the religious life (as a brother or nun), as opposed to the other vocations (priesthood, marriage, single life etc). Rephrasing the same question, what should a believer look for when discerning whether they are called to the vocation of religious life?

I am reading into Society of Jesus , seeking to uncover its parallels and differences with Orthodox Christianity. It is attested the Jesuit order was formed in France on August 15th 1534, by Ignatius de Loyola and approved by Pope Paul III in Rome on September 1540 [REF ] when presented with an outline; unable to uncover this outline, I'm interested in finding the extent in which the order had evangelized according to its Byzantine roots from this point in history on to this present day.

The Order of Special Full-Time Servants appears to be a religious order of Jehovah's Witnesses. What *is* a religious order in the context of Witness theology? Is it theologically meaningful at all? To what purpose do people join this order? When do they leave? (Do they leave?) How does the whole thing work?

Alejandro Murguía in "The Medicine of Memory" wrote that Jesuit missions in New Spain were averse to controlling native labor. When Franciscans and Dominicans took over after the expulsion of the Jesuits, their missions _did_ rely on the compelled labor of missionized natives. What was the theological(?) disagreement between Jesuits and Franciscans that led to their diametrical policies with regard to native labor?

I wanted to ask if a female [Religious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)) (ie, a nun or sister) who has become sick and had a hysterectomy, can she be expelled and sent home before her perpetual vows and under which grounds?

Recently, while on holiday in Scotland, I visited the ruins of the Augustinian Priory of Inchmahome on the Lake of Mentieth, near to Aberfoyle and Loch Lomond. The priory was founded in 1238 by the Earl of Menteith for a small community of Augustinian monks, including the Black Canons. The first Prior (Adam) arrived in 1296. Source: [Inchmahome Priory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchmahome_Priory) . The Augustinian monks communicated by using sign language. During meals, however, they were able to hear the word of God spoken. St. Augustine apparently said: “Let not your mouths alone be exercised in receiving food; let your ears be also occupied in receiving the word of God”. After rising at 02:30 for Nocturns, they would attend Matins at 06:00 where there would be readings and Prime. Terce prayers and spoken Mass took place at 08:00 after which they would work. At 12 noon there would be Sext prayers and sung Mass, followed by None prayers at 13:30. Dinner at 14:00 then they went back to work till 16:15. After that came Vespers prayers and Compline prayers. They went to bed at 18:30. Hard to imagine rising at 02:30 (especially in the winter) and then going to bed at 18:30, especially during a Scottish summer when the sun does not set till after 10 in the evening. However, I digress. As busy as the monks were all day, what was the purpose/function of the Black Canons? Who were they and what did they do? Were the Black Canons founded by St. Columba in Scotland or did they originate with St. Augustine? See: [Canon regular (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_regular) . Any information on the Black Canons, their origins and function, would be appreciated. Also, if anyone could source the quote attested to St. Augustine that would be useful. Just curious!

The Franciscan apostolic college of San Fernando in Mexico staffed the missions of California, then resembling an apostolic prefecture . Since it was a Franciscan college they presumably owed some kind of allegiance to the Order of Friars Minor in Assisi. I'm not sure if the college would have interacted with the Archdiocese of Mexico. The head of the college was called a Guardian. Did he follow a Franciscan rule book separate from canon law? Did he report to any superior?

The habit of these nuns includes no guimpe (or a black one), a black veil, a white wimple, a rectangular white coif: Which order do they belong to? (I couldn't find anything quite like it on NunsAndSisters.com .)

Picture taken Eastbourne about 1900.