How should the terms 'kaya, vaci & citta sankhara' be translated?
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In MN 44 is found an explanation of the terms 'kaya, vaci & citta sankhara' (which are terms also found in Anapanasati steps 4, 7 & 8 and in the 2nd nidana of Dependent Origination).
Bhikkhu Thanissaro's translation is:
> *Now, lady, what are fabrications (sankhara)?*
>
>*These three fabrications, friend Visakha: bodily fabrications (kaya sankhara), verbal fabrications (vaci sankhara) & mental
> fabrications (citta sankhara).*
>
>*But what are bodily fabrications? What are verbal
> fabrications? What are mental fabrications?*
>
>*In-&-out breaths are
> bodily fabrications. Directed thought & evaluation are verbal
> fabrications. Perceptions & feelings are mental fabrications.*
>
>*But
> why are in-&-out breaths bodily fabrications? Why are directed thought
> & evaluation verbal fabrications? Why are perceptions & feelings
> mental fabrications?*
>
>*In-&-out breaths are bodily; these are things
> tied up with the body. That's why in-&-out breaths are bodily
> fabrications.*
>
>***Having first directed one's thoughts and made an
> evaluation, one then breaks out into speech. That's why directed
> thought & evaluation are verbal fabrications.***
>
>*Perceptions & feelings
> are mental; these are things tied up with the mind. That's why
> perceptions & feelings are mental fabrications.*
The explanation about the 'vaci sankhara' (which is bolded) clearly states thought is the **cause** of speech. If this is true, how can thought be the "verbal fabrication" when it is obvious that: (a) speech is the verbal fabrication and (b) thought is that which fabricates (or causes) the speech?
Similarly, in MN 10, contemplating the 'citta' means observing to see whether the citta ('the mind-heart') has greed or not, hatred or not, delusion or not, etc. Therefore, how can perception & feeling be the "mental (citta) fabrication" when many suttas state it is feelings & perceptions that are the **cause** of mental states of greed, hatred & delusion (as shown below)?
> *If, when touched by a feeling of pleasure, one relishes it, welcomes
> it or remains fastened to it, then one's lust-obsession gets
> obsessed. If, when touched by a feeling of pain, one sorrows, grieves,
> & laments, beats one's breast, becomes distraught, then one's
> hatred-obsession gets obsessed. If, when touched by a feeling of
> neither pleasure nor pain, one does not discern, as it actually is
> present, the origination, passing away, allure, drawback or escape
> from that feeling, then one's ignorance-obsession gets obsessed. MN
> 148*
In the English language, the term "fabrication" refers to something that is 'fabricated' (such as a 'building'). Therefore, should not the translation here of 'sankhara' mean something that fabricates (such as a 'builder')?
Asked by Paraloka Dhamma Dhatu
(45860 rep)
Jun 27, 2016, 08:49 PM
Last activity: Oct 25, 2021, 02:32 PM
Last activity: Oct 25, 2021, 02:32 PM