What is the difference between a dogma, a doctrine, an infallible statement, an ex cathedra statement, etc.?

There are a variety of terms used in the Catholic Church to refer to particular statements or beliefs. Here are a number of some such terms: * Dogma * Doctrine * Infallible statement * Infallible papal teaching * Statement made *ex cathedra* * Definitively proposed doctrine * Authoritative statement Are any of these the same? Are all infallible statements papal teachings? Are all doctrines dogmas? What exactly are the differences between these?