Within Buddhist moral phenomenology, how is professional participation in state-administered lethal force to be doctrinally classified?

Buddhist ethics centrally upholds the precept against taking life, But in modern society there are many professions such as soldiers, military commanders, police officers, and judges whose duties may involve lethal force whether directly (combat, armed enforcement) or indirectly (authorizing executions, issuing orders with foreseeable deadly outcomes). From a Buddhist perspective, how should we understand the karmic implications for individuals in such roles? According to canonical or commentarial sources, how is killing performed under state mandate classified in terms of akusala-kamma? Is it treated identically to private intentional killing, or do texts differentiate between personal motive and institutional role? How does the primacy of cetanā (intention) apply when one participates in lethal actions not out of personal malice but as part of an institutional duty? Furthermore Is there doctrinal room for someone to maintain sincere Buddhist practice while performing duties like the above that may involve lethal force?