How does Buddhism address and alleviate the suffering that arises specifically from uncertainty about what happens after death?

In several discourses, the Buddha is said to have chosen not to answer certain metaphysical questions, such as whether the soul or a God exists, whether the world is eternal or finite, or what happens after death. He often said that these questions do not lead to liberation or the cessation of suffering, and that his teaching is primarily concerned with understanding and overcoming dukkha, rather than engaging in speculative or philosophical debate. This has been described as the soteriological focus of Buddhism: the Buddha taught only what was necessary for liberation, leaving aside what does not lead to direct insight or release. However, for many people, uncertainty about such questions is itself a source of deep anxiety and suffering. The human mind naturally seeks stability and assurance about its own continuation or fate. - Some people fear the idea that there may be nothing after death, the thought that consciousness may simply cease forever. - Others, especially those raised in theistic traditions, are troubled by the possibility of divine punishment or eternal suffering if they have failed to live or worship their god correctly. - Equally there are also some people from traditions that accept reincarnation who experience distress over the possibility of reinacarnating again and again to unsatisfactory existences or being reborn in lower births such as of animals etc. due to moral mistakes, even those committed unintentionally. Given that existential uncertainty itself can cause real mental distress, how does Buddhism approach this kind of suffering? If the Buddha refused to give metaphysical reassurances, what methods or insights does the Dhamma offer to help a practitioner find peace even amid uncertainty about the soul, God, or the afterlife?